Global challenges refer to complex issues that transcend national borders and require collective action and cooperation to address effectively. These challenges can include climate change, environmental degradation, poverty, inequality, infectious diseases, conflict, and migration, among others. Researchers studying global challenges often seek to understand the root causes of these issues, assess their impacts on different populations and environments, and identify potential solutions or strategies for mitigating them. This research area typically involves interdisciplinary collaboration, as addressing global challenges requires insights from various fields such as economics, political science, environmental science, public health, and sociology. Overall, research on global challenges aims to inform policymakers, businesses, NGOs, and other stakeholders on how to tackle these complex issues in a sustainable and equitable manner. By understanding and addressing these challenges, researchers hope to promote global cooperation and create a more just and sustainable world for future generations.